Searle and vanderveken

Foundations of illocutionary logic

PREFACE

In the past two decades the study of speech acts has become a thriving branch of the philosophy of language and linguistics. However, advances in the theory of speech acts have had little or nothing to do with contemporaneous advances in philosophical logic, and there have been few attempts to present formalized accounts of the logic of speech acts. True, there have been systematic logical studies of particular types of speech acts such as directives, but to our knowledge there has been no attempt to present a formalized logic of a general theory of speech acts. The aim of this book is to fill that gap by constructing a precise formalized theory of illocutionary acts using the resources of modern logic.

In presenting this account we attempt to answer such questions as the following: What is an illocutionary force? Can the set of all illocutionary forces be defined recursively from a few primitives, and if so, how? What are the conditions of success of elementary illocutionary acts which consist of an illocutionary force with a propositional content, such as statements, orders, promises, requests? How can the conditions of success of the complex illocutionary acts such . as conditional speech acts and acts of illocutionary denegation be defined from the conditions of success of their constituent parts? What is the relation between illocu tionary force and the meaning of sentences? What is the logical form of performative sentences?

The first chapters are introductory. Each of the fundamental notions, definitions or axioms is explained progressively from chapter to chapter. Chapter z presents a general introduction to the theory of speech acts. Chapters 2 and 3 discuss the nature of the components of illocutionary forces and the logical structure of the set of all illocutionary forces. Chapter 4 is concerned with the conditions of success of illocutionary acts and Chapter 5 gives further explanations of the components of illocutionary force. Chapter 6 is the central chapter of the book in the sense that it presents a systematic and complete exposition of the logical theory. All definitions and independent axioms and postulates of the logical theory are explicitly stated in that chapter. Chapters 7 and 8 enumerate a series of philosophically or linguistically significant laws concerning illocutionary forces, speech acts and proposi tions that follow deductively from the axioms. Finally, in Chapter 9 there are semantic definitions of over a hundred English performative or illocutionary verbs.


CONTENTS

Preface ix

Acknowledgements xi

Introduction to the theory of speech acts
I Illocutionary acts and illocutionary logic
II Elocutionary acts and other types of speech acts
III The seven components of illocutionary force
IV Definitions of illocutionary force and related notions

2 Basic notions of a- calculus of speech acts
I Definition of the set of possible contexts of utterance
II Some formal properties of the set of all propositions
III Some formal properties of illocutionary forces
IV Definition of an illocutionary force

3 The logical structure of the set of illocutionary forces
I The hypothesis of constructibility
II The five illocutionary points
III Principal operations on illocutionary forces

4 Conditions of success of illocutionary acts and illocutionary commitments
I Definitions of the set of all illocutionary acts and of their conditions of success
II Some axioms governing illocutionary commitment and strict equivalence

5 On the logical form of the various components of illocutionary force
I Illocutionary point
II Direction of fit
III Degree of strength
IV Sincerity conditions

6 Axiomatic propositional illocutionary logic
I Basic set-theoretical entities of illocutionary logic
II Definitions of the set of all illocutionary forces and of the conditions of success of illocutionary acts
III Axioms of illocutionary logic

7 General laws of illocutionary logic
I Laws for the components of illocutionary force
II Illocutionary entailment
III Laws of identity for derived illocutionary
IV Some laws concerning illocutionary commitment
V Relative incompatibility and self-defeating speech acts
VI Illocutionary negation
VII Conjunctive illocutionary acts
VIII Conditional illocutionary acts

8 Laws for illocutionary forces
I Laws for non-expressive illocutionary forces
II Laws for simple illocutionary forces
III Laws of preservation of illocutionary commitment
IV Laws for illocutionary forces with a common point

9 Semantical analysis of English illocutionary verbs
I English assertives
II English commissives
III English directives
IV English declaratives
V English expressives

Appendix 1 Semantic tableaux for illocutionary entailment
Appendix 2 List of symbols

Bibliography